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Hippotherapy with Neurological Disorders

Why do we Apply Hippotherapy in Neurological Diseases? A Brief Overview and Future Perspectives

1. Among the natural gaits of the horse, the most used in equine-assisted therapy is the _____, thanks to its intrinsic characteristics of cyclicity in cadenced and rhythmic beats, and to three-dimensional movements imposed to the patient in the saddle, perfectly simulating the human gait.

A. Pace B. Trot C. Canter D. Gallop

2. Stimulation on the vertical plane is particularly effective in the canter, due to the different characteristics and symmetrical skipped gait.

A. True B. False

3. The parallelism between the three-dimensionality of the human walking and the horse's gait gives the opportunity to the patient who has never walked or who walked with improper motor patterns to experiment the effects of EAT at the _____, resulting in stimulation of righting reactions and equilibrium.

A. Pelvis level B. Trunk level C. Head level D. All of the above

4. To ensure a high level of equine-assisted therapy, the line that ideally links the hip points to the upper third of the scapula should be parallel to the ground.

A. True B. False

Postural Stability after Hippotherapy in an Adolescent with Cerebral Palsy

5. All of the follow are true with regard to posture, except for:

A. Posture involves orientation of the body in space so that muscles work efficiently against gravity. B. Postural control is dependent on proper functioning of righting, equilibrium, and protective reactions, which are controlled by the central nervous system. C. Postural control is organized at three functional levels (i.e., direction-specific, equilibrium, and fine-tuning). D. Individuals with central nervous system damage may show signs of disrupted postural mechanisms.

6. The primary goal of HT is to improve the individual's:

A. Balance B. Posture C. Function D. All of the above

7. It was found that the parameters of center of pressure movement after hippotherapy decreased when:

A. The subject closed his eyes. B. The subject has his eyes open. C. The subject stood on a soft base. D. All of the above.

Combination of Hippotherapy with Technical Bobath Method in Body Extensor Control of a Patient with Tetraplegia due to Cerebral Palsy

8. Avoiding abrupt motions and resistance is important to encourage the application of selective movement with the maximum symmetry on both sides.

A. True B. False

Neurological Rehabilitation after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, New Tools New Hopes: The Hippotherapy Approach

9. During Hippotherapy, effective use of multisensory inputs related to posture and movement would provide the basis for a reinforcement / remodeling of the cerebro-cerebellar circuits.

A. True B. False

Effects of Short-Term Hippotherapy on Strength, Sensory-Motor Skills, and Attention in Adult Patients with Neuromuscular Dysfunction

10. It has been demonstrated that horseback riding can improve functional task performance by reducing:

A. Reaction time B. Balance C. Posture D. All of the above

11. While using quantitative and qualitative balance tests, it was found that HT remarkably improves _____ balance in children with cerebral palsy.

A. Dynamic B. Static C. Both (A) and (B) D. None of the above

12. The present case study provides quantitative evidence that HT improves sensory-motor skills such as balance and reaction time in as short as _____ weeks of HT, with one session per week.

A. 4 B. 6 C. 8 D. 12

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