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Childhood Obesity, Epidemiology, and Bone Thickness

Childhood Obesity: Epidemiology, Determinants, and Prevention

1. At what age does adipocyte size and number begin to increase, making childhood a critical period for developing obesity because of adiposity rebound?

A. 2 years of age B. 4 years of age C. 6 years of age D. 8 years of age

2. One of the strongest predictors of a child being overweight is the BMI of the mother and father.

A. True B. False

3. Which of the following is a risk factor for childhood obesity and may therefore contribute to the greatest risk for disease in adulthood?

A. Early postnatal catch-up growth B. Genetic defects C. Skipping breakfast D. Sedentary activities

4. The evidence suggests that daily TV viewing in excess of 30 minutes is associated with an upward BMI.

A. True B. False

5. It has been consistently reported that, in school-aged children, a short sleep duration is an independent risk factor for obesity.

A. True B. False

The relationship between visceral fat thickness and bone mineral density in sedentary obese children and adolescents

6. Among adults, a higher abdominal fat mass is related to a higher BMD.

A. True B. False

7. Biological processes that accelerate bone development play a more significant role for:

A. Female adolescents B. Male adolescents C. Equally between male and female adolescents D. None of the above

8. Obese subjects, from an early age, have increased bone density mainly due to:

A. The stress that occurs from the increased weight on bone tissue. B. Biological processes that accelerate bone development. C. Consuming an abundance of the vitamins and minerals required for bone formation. D. All of the above.

9. Although obesity is positively related to BMD, findings suggest that bone quality is compromised in obese subjects.

A. True B. False

10. The practice of very high intensity physical exercise causes a significant increase in:

A. Insulin-like-growth-factor-I B. Tumor necrosis factor - alpha C. Both (A) and (B) D. None of the above

11. Since insulin plays a role in the proliferation of osteoblasts, and _____ is related to insulin resistance, decreased insulin action may be one of the possible mechanisms by which obesity affects bone mass.

A. Visceral adipose tissue B. Subcutaneous adipose tissue C. Both (A) and (B) D. None of the above

12. Which of the following is considered a negative predictor of bone mineral density in adolescents?

A. Increased insulin concentrations B. HOMA-IR C. Both (A) and (B) D. None of the above


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