1. The risk of foot ulceration can be increased because of alterations in the gait of persons with diabetes in combination with biomechanics changes of soft tissues.
A. True B. False2. Kmeans clustering algorithms applied on the magnitude and shape of the peak pressure curves are used to obtain which classification?
A. Functional classification B. Shape-based classification C. Both the functional and shape-based classifications D. Neither the functional nor shape-based classifications3. Which of the following lacks discriminative value for diabetic foot ulceration diagnosis?
A. Functional classification B. Shape-based classification C. Both functional and shape-based classifications D. Neither functional nor shape-based classifications4. The rationale for specifically focusing on the _____ relates to the development of plantar foot ulcers, of which approximately half develop in this area.
A. Forefoot B. Midfoot C. Medial heel D. Lateral heel5. Limitation of dorsiflexion motion at the hallux during terminal stance, either with a structural or functional etiology, impedes the adequate transfer of loading between the first metatarsal and:
A. The midfoot B. Toes 2-5 C. Second metatarsal D. Hallux6. Which of the following is a factor that can clinically be related to the important temporal loading of the first metatarsal?
A. Fat pad atrophy B. Forefoot valgus C. Turf toe D. Plantar flexed position of the first metatarsal, fat pad atrophy, forefoot valgus, and turf toe are all factors that an clinically be related to the important temporal loading of the first metatarsal7. In persons with diabetes, temporal loading of the first metatarsal may originate from:
A. Motor neuropathy B. Chronic trauma of the insensate foot C. Either motor neuropathy and/or chronic trauma of the insensate foot D. Neither motor neuropathy nor chronic trauma of the insensate foot8. From a mechanical viewpoint, which loading pattern has been linked to the important weight-bearing function of the second metatarsal and its restricted mobility at the Lisfranc joint?
A. Medial M1 pattern B. Central pattern C. T1-M1 pattern D. Lateral pattern9. The Medial M1 pattern is a profile that, from a clinical viewpoint, cannot be considered as ‘typical,’ because it illustrates the poor contribution of the medial column of the forefoot to the overall weight-bearing function of the forefoot.
A. True B. False10. Debate still exists on the correlation of _____ and plantar pressures.
A. Body weight B. Walking speed C. Correlations between plantar pressures and both body weight and walking speed have been clearly demonstrated D. Debate still exists on the correlation of plantar pressures and both body weight and walking speed11. Walking speed turned out to be significant with relative pressure for:
A. M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5 B. M2, M3, and M4 C. M2 and M3 D. M2 only12. Cluster 4 is characterized by the lowest median relative plantar pressure on Lateral and Calcaneus and is unique for:
A. The Diabetes Group B. The Control Group C. Both the Diabetes Group and the Control Group had low median relative plantar pressure on Lateral and Calcaneus D. Neither the Diabetes Group nor the Control Group had low median relative plantar pressure on Lateral and Calcaneus13. The pressure pattern of cluster 3 shows all of the following to be more present in the Diabetes Group than the Control Group, except for:
A. Focal point of pressure on the heel B. Focal point of pressure on the lateral side C. Moderate pressure on the forefoot D. Moderate pressure on the medial region14. The quality of clusters over the control group is lower than the quality of the clusters over the patients, implying that controls exhibit much more diversity in plantar pressure distribution than patients.
A. True B. False15. All of the following are important factors in the relationship between clinical and structural variables and either in-shoe or barefoot plantar pressure in diverse diabetes populations, except for:
A. Presence of foot deformity B. Limited joint mobility at the ankle and metatarso-phalangeal joints C. Body mass D. Soft tissue thickness16. In the midfoot region the most variation in plantar pressure was explained of all foot regions, with the most significant contribution from the:
A. Ankle joint ROM B. Charcot mid foot deformity C. Partial foot amputation D. Abundant callus17. Which of the following showed the highest predictor value of any factor in any of the foot regions studied?
A. Ankle joint ROM B. Charcot mid foot deformity C. Partial foot amputation D. Abundant callus18. In the forefoot region, 31% of the variation in pressure was explained with the largest contribution from the presence of claw toes, followed by prominent metatarsal heads.
A. True B. False19. In the majority of the five models, _____ was clearly a stronger predictor of plantar pressure.
A. A prior foot ulcer B. Age C. Duration of diabetes D. Vibration perception threshold20. The data stress and confirm that the region where the previous foot ulcer was present, remains an important target for pressure relief.
A. True B. False21. Which global factor was significantly associated with pressure in the heel model?
A. Age B. Body mass C. HbA1c D. Joint motion22. In the current study, body mass remained a significant predictor in the _____ model.
A. Forefoot B. Midfoot C. Heel D. Body mass was not a significant predictor in any of the models23. Which of the following emerged as a significant predictor variable in three of the five models, in all regions except lesser toes and hallux?
A. Ankle joint ROM B. Charcot mid foot deformity C. Partial foot amputation D. Abundant callus24. Achilles tendon lengthening procedures have been shown to be effective in increasing ankle joint dorsiflexion, reducing forefoot plantar pressure, and reducing forefoot neuropathic ulcer recurrence.
A. True B. False25. A correlation has been reported between passive and active motion at _____ in patients with diabetes, together with a positive association with peak forefoot pressure.
A. The midfoot B. Toes 2-5 C. The second metatarsal D. The hallux26. Only non-weight bearing hallux dorsiflexion remained significant in the hallux model suggesting that it should continue to be measured in clinical practice.
A. True B. False27. With regard to the lesser-toe pressures, the largest single contribution came from:
A. Glycosylated hemoglobin B. Hallux dorsiflexion ROM C. Claw toe deformity D. Hammer toe deformity28. A recent meta-analysis of observational studies demonstrated significantly higher _____ in diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients when compared to healthy and diabetes mellitus controls that did not have neuropathy.
A. Mean pressure time integral B. Mean peak plantar pressure C. Mean pressure time integral and mean peak plantar pressure D. Neither mean pressure time integral nor mean peak plantar pressure29. Subgroup analyses revealed those with _____ had significantly greater plantar pressures compared to those with diabetic peripheral neuropathy alone.
A. Previous ulceration B. Active ulceration C. Either previous and/or active ulceration D. Neither previous nor active ulceration30. The finding of elevated forefoot plantar pressure in patients with previous and/or present diabetes foot ulcerations are consistent with the fact that the majority of diabetic foot ulcerations are found in the forefoot region.
A. True B. False31. Those with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and active ulceration demonstrate an elevation in plantar pressures compared to those with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and no ulceration history.
A. True B. False32. Up to half of all foot ulcers result from trauma that could have been prevented by wearing adequate footwear.
A. True B. False33. How does inadequate footwear precipitate trauma?
A. Footwear lacking a protective enclosed upper allows acute external trauma. B. Ill-fitting or non-fastening footwear facilitates chronic repetitive shear stresses. C. Footwear unable to redistribute high plantar pressure areas facilitates chronic repetitive plantar pressures. D. All of the above are ways that inadequate footwear precipitates trauma.34. All of the following are recommended characteristics for adequate footwear, except for:
A. Fastenings to prevent chronic shear and plantar pressure trauma. B. Enclosed upper to prevent acute external trauma. C. Elevated heel to prevent undue plantar forefoot pressure trauma. D. Shock absorbing sole to reduce chronic plantar pressure.35. The data suggests that those at risk of foot ulceration are more likely to wear footwear recommended for prevention than those not at risk.
A. True B. False36. There was no significant gender difference found toward adequate footwear utilization.
A. True B. False37. Among those at risk, women experience rates of ulceration similar to that of men.
A. True B. False38. In inpatients, it was found that those with critical peripheral arterial disease were more likely to wear adequate footwear.
A. True B. False39. Patients with a history of diabetic foot ulcer have a 2.5 times higher risk of death than those without history of diabetic foot ulcer and the mortality rate increases to 70% at _____ after undergoing an amputation.
A. 1 year B. 3 years C. 5 years D. 7 years40. Almost 50% of diabetic foot ulcers appear on the plantar surface of the foot due to the deformity and the high level of plantar pressure in the:
A. Metatarsal heads B. Midfoot C. Lateral heel D. Calcaneus41. The results of this study showed that a _____ reduces the risk of recurrence in patients with a previous history of plantar ulcer in the metatarsal heads.
A. Soft rocker sole B. Semi-rigid rocker sole C. Rigid rocker sole D. None of the above reduced the risk of recurrence42. Selecting the kind of therapeutic shoe according to the risk of diabetic foot is a key point in the management of patients with diabetes, and the selection of a therapeutic footwear should be determined based on classification of the patients according to:
A. Previous ulceration B. Mean peak plantar pressure C. The duration of diabetes D. The risk of developing a diabetic foot ulcerCopyright © 2024 Flex Therapist CEUs
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