Flex Therapist CEUs

1. Torticollis is a clinical diagnosis where the _____ muscle is shorted on the involved side leading to a lateral tilt toward the affected muscle and contralateral rotation of the face and chin.

2. All of the following obstetric and newborn risk factors have been proposed for the development of congenital muscular torticollis, except for:

3. There were found to be significant differences in which birth characteristic?

4. Previous studies suggest that the side of the torticollis is related to CMT:

5. A previous study by Lee et al. found that vaginal births, compared to cesarean sections, had more clinical severity of CMT.

6. One study found an association between torticollis and the fetus being in the same intrauterine position for more than _____ weeks before delivery.

7. MRI was used to observe the SCM muscle in infants and found signals similar to those in:

8. It has been suggested that stretching of the SCM muscle during delivery may be a direct cause of CMT.

9. Non-musculoskeletal conditions as treatment indication in children differs from manipulative treatment approaches in adults, which are mainly focused on musculoskeletal conditions, such as all of the following, except for:

10. Gentle, low-velocity mobilization techniques appear to be a safe treatment technique in infants and children.

11. Cervical and full spine HVLA manipulations might be associated with severe harms.

12. All of the following mild, transient harms were reported in HVLA manipulation studies, except for:

13. Infants with CMT feature unilateral fibrous contracture of the SCM muscle with all of the following characteristics, except for:

14. Physical examination is sufficient in diagnosing CMT in infants, even those with minimal clinical presentations.

15. Using ultrasonography, most infants showed type III fibrosis, which was altered during follow-up to become a pseudo-tumor.

16. Findings in _____ measurements may reflect clinical improvement but cannot directly reflect the progress of muscle fibrosis during follow-up.

17. Strong correlations were observed between the percentage of _____ seen on MRI and muscle echo intensity.

18. Animal studies showed muscle echo intensity highly correlated with the extent of fibrosis in affected muscles.

19. The initial K values of the infants with CMT represented a narrow degree of fibrosis in affected SCM muscles indicating only two different types of fibrosis.

20. After receiving regular physiotherapy, the CMT infants in this study showed a _____ in K values during follow-up on serial sonograms of affected SCM muscles.

21. An increase in K value indicates that the MEI for involved muscle approaches that for uninvolved muscle, for overall decreased muscle fibrosis.

22. Muscle biopsy specimens from patients with neuromuscular disease show common histopathologic findings of atrophied muscle fibers and increased perimysial fibrosis.

23. Muscle echo intensity has been clinically used to quantify severity of muscle fibrosis in patients with:

24. The uninvolved muscle thickness did not change along the follow-up period.

25. Selective activation of _____ caused by the release of insulin growth factor-1 from muscle fibers during passive stretch promotes myosatellite cell proliferation and induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy.

26. Stretch-induced antifibrotic effects, as much as the well-known antifibrotic agent _____, has been reported in injured gastrocnemius muscles of rats.

27. Which of the following may affect the improvement of SCM muscle fibrosis as reflected in the change in K value during follow-up?

28. This study found an increasing trend of uninvolved muscle thickness during follow-up, with a significant increase at about:

29. Results of this study showed that involved SCM muscle thickness was related to treatment period.

30. According to the observations in this study, infants with high initial K value will receive a long treatment course and frequent US examinations.