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Post Stroke Gait Rehabilitation

Introduction

1. Traditional approaches towards rehabilitation can be qualified as bottom-up approaches: they act on the distal physical level (bottom) aiming at influencing the neural system (top)

A. True B. False

2. The basic motor pattern for stepping is generated in the spinal cord, while fine control of walking involves various brain regions, including the:

A. Cerebral motor cortex B. Cerebellum C. Brain stem D. All of the above

3. One of the most common problems in walking after injury to motor areas of the brain is:

A. Dorsiflexion of the ankle joint in the swing phase. B. Reduced plantarflexion of the ankle joint in the terminal stance phase. C. Increased hip circumducution in the swing phase. D. Plantarflexion of the ankle joint in the stance phase.

Gait rehabilitation after stroke

4. Good rehabilitation outcome seems to be strongly associated with a high degree of motivation and engagement of the patient and his/her family.

A. True B. False

5. Cerebral damage abolishes the adaptation of reaching movements.

A. True B. False

6. Which of the following assumes that damaged reflex mechanisms responsible for spasticity are the leading cause of posture and movement impairment, and that these pathological reflexes can be controlled through positioning and splinting to inhibit abnormal patterns and controlling tone in order to restore central control?

A. The Bobath method B. The Vojta method C. The Johnstone method D. The Rood technique

7. Which of the following stress active patient involvement?

A. Neurophysiological techniques B. Motor learning approaches C. Both (A) and (B) D. None of the above

8. Which of the following methods has been specifically developed for gait recovery after stroke?

A. The Perfetti method B. The Carr and Shepherd method C. The Affolter method D. None of the above

9. In principle, robotic training could increase the intensity of therapy with quite affordable costs, and offer advantages such as:

A. Precisely controllable assistance or resistance during movements. B. Objective and quantifiable measures of subject performance. C. Increased training motivation through the use of interactive (bio)feedback. D. All of the above.

10. The goal of the robotic device is to either assist or correct the movements of the user, and is intended to manage simultaneous activation of efferent motor pathways and afferent sensory pathways during training.

A. True B. False

11. Regarding rehabilitation strategies, the most common robotic devices for gait restoration are based on task-specific repetitive movements, which have been shown to improve all of the following in neurological impaired patients, except for:

A. Range of motion B. Muscular strength C. Movement coordination D. Locomotor retraining

12. The Lokomat allows the rehabilitation team to select:

A. The percentage of BWS and walking speed. B. The type of guidance. C. The proper joint kinematics of the patients' lower limbs. D. All of the above.

13. A recently updated Cochrane review has demonstrated that the use of electromechanical devices for gait rehabilitation increases the likelihood of walking independently in patients with subacute stroke and in patients with chronic stroke.

A. True B. False

Brain-Computer Interfaces

14. Most of the post-stroke recovery occurs during the six months following the lesion, thus traditional and robotic-aided therapy could start as early as _____, with the possible inclusion of a BCI.

A. 1 month B. 2 months C. 3 months D. 4 months

15. Changes in concentration of which of the following for finger tapping was greater than those for motor imagery?

A. oxyHb B. deoxyHb C. Both oxyHb and deoxyHb D. Neither oxyHb nor deoxyHb


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