Flex Therapist CEUs

1. A side-to-side EMG activity imbalance in back muscles has been observed in people with LBP, suggesting greater level of asymmetry in the muscle activation of patients compared to healthy controls.

2. In LBP patient groups, the hyperactive superficial muscles are considered to represent an adaptive strategy aiming for postural adjustments as well as control the perturbation to the spine. There is strong evidence to suggest that the hyperactive muscular behavior serves to stiffen and protect the spine. Nevertheless, if maintained long term, this adaptive muscle activity pattern can be problematic because as the superficial trunk muscles stiffen the spine via sustained and augmented compression, a continuous stimulation of _____ in spinal structures may predispose and result in further injury.

3. Since ligaments are considered highly important in sensory function and feedback control of joint position, spino-ligamentous injuries are considered to cause:

4. The increased erector spinae activation found in back pain groups compared to the control during flexion and full flexion, could be explained as a response of the particular muscle group to limit the segmental range of motion, restricting the excursion of the vertebrae with respect to each other where the passive stiffness is insufficient.

5. Numerous studies have demonstrated that LBP patients exhibit reduced trunk muscle force due to:

6. Compared to healthy individuals, LBP patients demonstrate a significantly higher proportion of _____ fibers.

7. Compared to healthy controls, it has been observed that deep back muscles of LBP individuals:

8. The anticipation of pain has been considered responsible for the development of chronic unremittent pain syndromes, and especially when it is associated with fear, it is believed to result in even more disabling conditions than pain itself.

9. It has been suggested that LBP patients require lower thresholds to evoke facilitation of inhibition of responses of the erector spinae muscle over the motor cortex compared with healthy control subjects resulting in altered muscle activity patterns.

10. The results revealed that the back pain group had a greater level of left / right asymmetry of the erector spinae compared to the control group, indicating a significant level of muscle activation imbalance.

11. Asymmetric trunk loading stimulates neuromuscular imbalances resulting in reduced EMG activity patterns on the _____ body side.

12. Documented in numerous studies comparing patients with LBP to healthy controls, LBP has been considered to alter the physiological properties of the _____, resulting in stiffness and decreased flexibility.