1. Intermittent fasting is defined as:
A. Daily caloric intake is chronically reduced by up to 40%, but meal frequency is maintained. B. A chronic nutritional deficiency that results in an impaired metabolic state. C. A complete or partial restriction in energy intake on 1 - 3 days per week or a complete restriction in energy intake for a defined period during the day that extends the overnight fast. D. All of the above describe intermittent fasting.2. A key point concerning the intermittent fasting approach is the control of:
A. Caloric intake B. Feeding times C. Both caloric intake and feeding times D. Neither caloric intake nor feeding times3. The data from this study demonstrated that during a RT program, time-restricted feeding reduced all of the following, except:
A. Muscle mass B. Body fat C. Inflammation markers D. Anabolic hormones4. A key point of the time-restricted feeding approach utilized in this study is that total daily calorie intake was reduced due to a decrease in the frequency of meals.
A. True B. False5. The mechanism of greater fat loss in the IF group can be explained by:
A. Changes in the quantity of calories consumed. B. Changes in the quality of diet. C. The different temporal meal distribution. D. The mechanism of greater fat loss in the IF group can be explained by both the quantity of calories consumed and the changes in the quality of diet.6. The differences in _____ between groups remained even when normalized relative to body fat mass.
A. Adiponectin B. Leptin C. Both adiponectin and leptin D. Neither adiponectin nor leptin7. It has been previously reported that men performing caloric restriction have lower testosterone than those consuming non-restricted Western diets.
A. True B. False8. Adiponectin concentrations have been positively correlated with insulin sensitivity.
A. True B. False9. A reduction in _____ was observed in the IF group.
A. T3 B. TSH C. Resting energy expenditure D. Reductions in all of the above were observed in the IF group10. It has been previously shown that individuals with lower fasting respiratory ratios are more likely to gain weight.
A. True B. False11. Fasting can promote autophagy, which is important for optimal muscle health.
A. True B. False12. When liquid meal replacements are employed, subjects tend to lose greater amounts of weight when compared to subjects receiving diet counseling alone.
A. True B. False13. The IFCR liquid diet group demonstrated a significantly higher loss of visceral fat mass when compared to the IFCR food-based diet group.
A. True B. False14. Which group had greater decreases in total and LDL cholesterol?
A. The IFCR liquid diet group B. The IFCR food-based diet group C. The groups did not differ in their reduction of total and LDL cholesterol D. Decreases in total and LDL cholesterol was not demonstrated for either group15. Which group experienced reductions in triglycerides?
A. The IFCR liquid diet group B. The IFCR food-based diet group C. Both the IFCR liquid diet group and the IFCR food-based diet group D. Neither the IFCR liquid diet group nor the IFCR food-based diet group16. Increases in LDL peak particle size and the proportion of large LDL particles were noted in:
A. The IFCR liquid diet group B. The IFCR food-based diet group C. Both the IFCR liquid diet group and the IFCR food-based diet group D. Neither the IFCR liquid diet group nor the IFCR food-based diet group17. For every kg of body weight loss, LDL cholesterol is estimated to decrease by:
A. 1 mg/dl B. 2 mg/dl C. 5 mg/dl D. 10 mg/dl18. Which of the following was lowered by both the liquid and the food-based IFCR diets?
A. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin B. Heart rate and homocysteine concentrations C. Leptin concentrations D. All of the above were lowered by both the liquid and the food-based IFCR diets19. This study shows that alternate day fasting is an effective strategy for moderate weight loss in:
A. Normal weight subjects B. Overweight subjects C. Both normal weight and overweight subjects D. Neither normal weight nor overweight subjects20. The alternate day fasting strategy may have cardio-protective effects in non-obese subjects by way of lowering:
A. LDL particle size B. CRP C. Adiponectin D. All of the above21. Alternate day fasting may produce a mean rate of weight loss of approximately _____, independent of the starting weight or BMI class of the subject.
A. 2.0 kg/week B. 1.5 kg/week C. 1.0 kg/week D. 0.5 kg/week22. Fat free mass was retained after 12 weeks of alternate day fasting in non-obese individuals.
A. True B. False23. Contradictory to previous reports, there was a significant hyperphagic response on the feed days in response to the lack of food on the fast days.
A. True B. False24. Which of the following was shown for both normal weight and overweight subjects?
A. Declines in perceived hunger B. Increased dietary satisfaction and feelings of fullness C. Both declines in perceived hunger and increased dietary satisfaction and feelings of fullness were observed in normal weight and overweight subjects D. Neither declines in perceived hunger nor increased dietary satisfaction and feelings of fullness were observed in normal weight or overweight subjects25. Alternate day fasting may improve plasma lipids to the same extent in non-obese subjects as it does in obese subjects.
A. True B. False26. No alternate day fasting effect was observed for:
A. HDL cholesterol B. Homocysteine C. Resistin D. Effects were not observed for any of the above27. Which of the following is produced by adipose tissue?
A. Interleukin-6 B. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha C. C-reactive protein D. All of the above are produced by adipose tissue28. Viscerally obese women have higher circulating levels of _____ relative to subcutaneously obese women.
A. Leptin B. Isoprostanes C. Insulin-like growth hormone-1 D. All of the above are higher in viscerally obese women compared to subcutaneously obese women29. Lower availability of precursor free fatty acids results in a reduction in hepatic synthesis and secretion of _____ into plasma.
A. Glucose B. Triglycerides C. Hepatic lipase D. VLDL30. The decreases in waist circumference in the IFCR-L group were related to reductions in _____ concentrations.
A. IGF-1 B. LDL cholesterol C. C-Reactive protein D. IL-631. Decreases in pro-atherogenic adipokines, such as leptin, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IGF-1 were observed in both the IFCR-L and IFCR-F groups.
A. True B. False32. In the IFCR-L group, lower plasma leptin was related to decreased _____ levels.
A. Insulin B. Free fatty acid C. Triglyceride D. VLDL33. There was an observed positive association between visceral fat mass and:
A. HDL cholesterol concentrations B. LDL particle size C. Adiponectin levels D. Leptin levels34. Reductions in _____ were correlated to decreases in plasma triglycerides.
A. TNF-alpha B. IL-6 C. IGF-1 D. Adiponectin35. A slight reduction in fasting insulin concentrations was evident with intermittent energy restriction regimens employing 1 day/week fasting.
A. True B. False36. Participants to the intermittent energy restriction regimens usually did not consume as much food in the “feed” days as to compensate for the caloric restriction of the “fast” days, thus suggesting that IER could reduce food intake even in the “feed” days, without compensatory overeating.
A. True B. False37. Adverse events were sometimes higher with the IER regimens, and the participants reported:
A. More headaches B. Dizziness C. Stronger feelings of hunger D. Lower energy levels38. The percentage of participants planning to continue with the dietary regimen beyond 6 months was lower in the continuous energy restriction arms than the intermittent energy restriction arms.
A. True B. False39. Overall, these data support the fact that IER is easier and more acceptable than CER to everyone.
A. True B. False40. In mice, IER determined metabolic improvements and weight loss as a consequence of a shift in the gut microbiota composition, leading to an increase in the production of _____ and to the selective up regulation of monocarboxylate transporter in beige adipose cells which stimulate beige fat thermogenesis.
A. Tryptophan metabolites B. Acetate and lactate C. The cytotoxic compound tilivalline D. Dipeptidealdehydes41. IER regimens were associated with lower circulating insulin values, with a significant reduction being evident for the _____ “fasting” regimen only.
A. 6:1 B. 5:2 C. 4:3 D. 3:442. The data synthesis on _____ showed no between-arms difference.
A. Glucose B. HOMA-IR C. HbA1c D. Data on all of the above showed no between-arms difference43. The larger the LDL size, the higher the oxidizability and the susceptibility to arterial penetration.
A. True B. False44. Unlike the very promising data on animals, evidence is not sufficiently robust to suggest the superiority of intermittent vs. continuous caloric restriction regimens on the main cardiovascular factors in humans.
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